and afterwards

1 lastly, afterward, hereafter.

2 at a later time, later, afterwards, later on.

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► adverbio

1 later

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ADV later, subsequently, afterwards

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adverbio subsequently

* * *

= afterward(s), at a later date, later, subsequently, in later years, at a later time, since, later on.

Ex. We shape our buildings and afterwards our buildings shape us.

Ex. Word processing software available for use on mainframe computers, microcomputers and word processors was originally designed for application where it is convenient to be able to store a text, then recall this text, and re-use it with minor modifications, at a later date.

Ex. Later, after examining maps of the area he may discover that the area that he is really interested in is Parliament Hill.

Ex. Thus, user groups subsequently emerged, as others adopted systems, but were not usually responsible for the original design of the software package.

Ex. In later years, the famous book mythological significance of muddy footprints introduced me to the ancient Hippopotamian culture.

Ex. Participants were asked to group documents based on how similar they were to each other and such that the groups would help them to remember how to find them at a later time.

Ex. It has since been echoed repeatedly in the discussion of cataloging despite the persuasive and decisive refutation of it by Panizzi before the Royal Commission.

Ex. Later on, his findings were developed and specified in numerous studies by pedologists and vulcanologists.

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* posteriormente en + Posesivo + vida = in later life.

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adverbio subsequently

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subsequently

posteriormente repetiría el viaje con su hermano later o subsequently o on a subsequent occasion, he was to do the trip again with his brother

las reformas que se introdujeron en la ley posteriormente the reforms which were subsequently introduced o which were introduced at a later date

fue detenido para posteriormente ser llevado ante el juez he was arrested and subsequently o later brought before the judge

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posteriormente adv

subsequently, later (on);

posteriormente, se dieron la mano later on they shook hands;

como se explicará posteriormente… as will be explained further on o later…

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adv subsequently

post (form poste, Enn. An. 235; Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 131; id. Stich. 2, 2, 56), adv. and prep. [root pas-; Sanscr. pac-kas, behind; Gr. pumatos (for posmatos); Lat. pone, postremus].

Of place, behind, back, backwards (class.):

ante aut post,

Liv. 22, 5, 8:

servi, qui post erant,

Cic. Mil. 10, 29:

lacertis priora genua post curvantur,

backwards, Plin. 11, 45, 102, § 249: sed ubi periculum advenit, invidia atque superbia post fuere, remained behind, were forgotten, Sall. C. 23, 7:

post minor est,

i.e. shorter when seen from behind, Juv. 6, 504. —

Of time, afterwards, after: nunc et post semper, old poet in Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115.—

Ante... post, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 47 Vahl.):

post duobus mensibus,

Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 33:

initio... post autem,

Cic. Fam. 7, 5; id. Dom. 55, 140; Sall. J. 55, 8: duxi probum, erravi, post cognovi, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38 (Trag. v. 160 Vahl.):

multis post annis,

many years after, Cic. Fl. 23, 56:

paucis diebus post,

Plaut. Men. prol. 36:

multis annis post,

id. ib. 5, 9, 72:

biennio post,

Cic. Brut. 91, 316: quam te post multis tueor tempestatibus? after how long a time? Pac. ap. Non. 414, 3:

aliquanto post,

some time after, shortly after, Cic. Caecin. 4, 11:

post aliquanto,

id. Or. 30, 107:

paulo post valens,

a little later, id. Fam. 16, 5, 2:

post paulo,

soon after, Caes. B. C. 1, 29:

multo post quam,

long after, Cic. Att. 12, 49; cf. Liv. 24, 3, 14 Weissenb.:

post tanto,

so long after, Verg. G. 3, 476:

post non multo,

not long afterwards, Nep. Paus. 3, 1:

neque ita multo,

and not very long afterwards, id. Cim. 3, 4.—With inde, deinde, and afterwards, and then: et post inde, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 59 Müll. (Ann. v. 11 Vahl.):

inde pedes et crura mori, post inde per artus, etc.,

Lucr. 3, 529:

primum... post deinde,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 3; Nep. Eum. 5, 5.—

Prep. with acc., behind.

Of place: post me erat Aegina, ante Megara, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4; Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 52:

post nostra castra,

Caes. B. G. 2, 9:

post tergum,

id. ib. 7, 88:

post carecta,

Verg. E. 3, 20:

post montem se occultare,

Caes. B. G. 7, 83:

post se alligare,

Plin. 26, 9, 58, § 91:

post equitem sedet atra cura,

Hor. C. 3, 1, 40.—

Trop., beneath, inferior to, less important than:

neque erat Lydia post Chloen,

Hor. C. 3, 9, 6:

tantus erat ambitionis furor, ut nemo tibi post te videatur, si aliquis ante te fuerit,

Sen. Ep. 104, 9:

ut sua necessaria post illius honorem haberent,

Sall. J. 73, 6; Plin. 33, 2, 8, § 34.—

Of time, after, since:

aliquot post menses,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 44, 128:

maxima post hominum memoriam classis,

since the memory of man, Nep. Them. 5, 3:

post M. Brutum proconsulem,

after the proconsulate, Cic. Phil. 2, 38, 97.—So with part. constr.:

post urbem conditam,

since the city was founded, Cic. Cat. 4, 7, 14:

post homines natos,

id. Brut. 62, 224; id. Mil. 26, 69:

sexennio post Veios captos,

after the taking of Veii, id. Div. 1, 44, 100 al. —Put after the noun:

hunc post,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 6, 15.—With quam:

decessit post annum quartum quam expulsus fuerat,

Nep. Arist. 3, 3; cf.:

post annum quintum, quo expulsus erat,

id. Cim. 3, 3: post id, post illa, after this, after that, afterwards:

post id cum lassus fueris,

Plaut. Cas. 1, 42: qui foret post illa natus, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 21, 42 (Trag. v. 67 Vahl.):

eum numquam post illa vidi,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 43:

post illa,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 33:

post haec deinde,

then after this, and next, Col. 3, 4:

post Hectora,

Ov. M. 12, 607.—

Transf., besides, except:

post sidera caeli sola Jovem Semele vidit,

Calp. Ecl. 10, 22.

अगस्ति [विन्ध्याख्यं अगं अस्यति; अस्-क्तिच् शकन्ध्वादि˚, Uṇ.4. 179, or अगं विन्ध्याचलं स्त्यायति +स्तभ्नाति, स्त्यै-क; or अगः कुम्भः तत्र स्त्यानः संहतः इत्यगस्त्यः]

1 'Pitcher-born,' N. of a celebrated Ṛiṣi or sage.

-2 N. of the star Canopus, of which Agastya is the regent.

-3 N. of a plant (बकवृक्ष) Sesbana (or Ӕschynomene) Grandiflora [Mar. रुईमंदार]. [The sage Agastya is a very reputed personage in Hindu mythology. In the Ṛigveda he and Vasiṣṭha are said to be the off-springs of Mitra and Varuṇa, whose seed fell from them at the sight of the lovely nymph Urvaśī at a sacrificial session. Part of the seed fell into a jar and part into water; from the former arose Agastya, who is, therefore, called Kumbhayoni, Kumbhajanman, Ghaṭodbhava, Kalaśayoni &c; from the latter Vasiṣṭha. From his parentage Agastya is also called Maitrāvaruṇi, Aurvaśeya, and, as he was very small when he was born, he is also called Mānya. He is represented to have humbled the Vindhya mountains by making them prostrate themselves before him when they tried to rise higher and higher till they wellnigh occupied the sun's disc and obstructed his path. See Vindhya. (This fable is supposed by some, to typify the progress of the Āryas towards the south in their conquest and civilization of India, the humbling of the mountain standing meta- phorically for the removal of physical obstacles in their way). He is also known by the names of Pītābdhi, Samudra-chuluka &c.; from another fable according to which he drank up the ocean because it had offended him and because he wished to help Indra and the gods in their wars with a class of demons called Kāleyas who had hid themselves in the waters and oppressed the three worlds in various ways. His wife was Lopāmudrā. She was also called Kauṣītakī and Varapradā. She bore him two sons, Dṛḍhāsya and Dṛḍhāsyu. In the Rāmāyaṇa Agastya plays a distinguished part. He dwelt in a hermitage on mount Kunjara to the south of the Vindhya and was chief of the hermits of the south. He kept under control the evil spirits who infested the south and a legend relates how he once ate up a Rākṣasa named Vātāpi, who had assumed the form of a ram, and destroyed by a flash of his eye the Rākṣasa's brother who attempted to avenge him. In the course of his wandering Rāma with his wife and brother came to the hermitge of Agastya who received him with the greatest kindness and became his friend, adviser and protector. He gave Rāma the bow of Viṣṇu and accompanied him to Ayodhyā when he was restored to his kingdom after his exile of 14 years. The superhuman power which the sage possessed, is also represented by another legend, according to which he turned king Nahuṣa into a serpent and afterwards restored him to his proper form. In the south he is usually regarded as the first teacher of science and literature to the primitive Dravidian tribes, and his era is placed by Dr. Caldwell in the 7th or 6th century B.C. The Purāṇas represent Agastya as the son of Pulastya (the sage from whom the Rākṣsas sprang) and Havirbhuvā the daughter of Kardama. Several 'hymn-seers' are mentioned in his family, such as his two sons, Indra- bāhu, Mayobhuva and Mahendra, also others who served to perpetuate the family. The sage is represented as a great philosopher, benevolent and kind-hearted, unsurpassed in the science of archery and to have taken a principal part in the colonization of the south; निर्जितासि मया भद्रे शत्रुहस्तादमर्षिणा । अगस्त्येन दुराधर्षा मुनिना दक्षिणेव .दिक् ॥ Rām; अगस्त्याचरितामाशाम् R.4.44; cf. also; अगस्त्यो दक्षिणामाशामाश्रित्य नभसिः स्थितः । वरुणस्यात्मजो योगी विन्ध्यवातापिमर्दनः ॥ and R.6.61; Mv.7.14.] अगस्तितुल्या हि घृताब्धिशोषणे । Udbhaṭa.

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Lister was descended from one of the old Yorkshire families, the Cunliffe Listers of Manningham, and was the fourth son of his father Ellis. After attending a school on Clapham Common, Lister would not go to university; his family hoped he would enter the Church, but instead he started work with the Liverpool merchants Sands, Turner \& Co., who frequently sent him to America. In 1837 his father built for him and his brother a worsted mill at Manningham, where Samuel invented a swivel shuttle and a machine for making fringes on shawls. It was here that he first became aware of the unhealthy occupation of combing wool by hand. Four years later, after seeing the machine that G.E. Donisthorpe was trying to work out, he turned his attention to mechanizing wool-combing. Lister took Donisthorpe into partnership after paying him £12,000 for his patent, and developed the Lister-Cartwright "square nip" comber. Until this time, combing machines were little different from Cartwright's original, but Lister was able to improve on this with continuous operation and by 1843 was combing the first fine botany wool that had ever been combed by machinery. In the following year he received an order for fifty machines to comb all qualities of wool. Further combing patents were taken out with Donisthorpe in 1849, 1850, 1851 and 1852, the last two being in Lister's name only. One of the important features of these patents was the provision of a gripping device or "nip" which held the wool fibres at one end while the rest of the tuft was being combed. Lister was soon running nine combing mills. In the 1850s Lister had become involved in disputes with others who held combing patents, such as his associate Isaac Holden and the Frenchman Josué Heilmann. Lister bought up the Heilmann machine patents and afterwards other types until he obtained a complete monopoly of combing machines before the patents expired. His invention stimulated demand for wool by cheapening the product and gave a vital boost to the Australian wool trade. By 1856 he was at the head of a wool-combing business such as had never been seen before, with mills at Manningham, Bradford, Halifax, Keighley and other places in the West Riding, as well as abroad.

His inventive genius also extended to other fields. In 1848 he patented automatic compressed air brakes for railways, and in 1853 alone he took out twelve patents for various textile machines. He then tried to spin waste silk and made a second commercial career, turning what was called "chassum" and hitherto regarded as refuse into beautiful velvets, silks, plush and other fine materials. Waste silk consisted of cocoon remnants from the reeling process, damaged cocoons and fibres rejected from other processes. There was also wild silk obtained from uncultivated worms. This is what Lister saw in a London warehouse as a mass of knotty, dirty, impure stuff, full of bits of stick and dead mulberry leaves, which he bought for a halfpenny a pound. He spent ten years trying to solve the problems, but after a loss of £250,000 and desertion by his partner his machine caught on in 1865 and brought Lister another fortune. Having failed to comb this waste silk, Lister turned his attention to the idea of "dressing" it and separating the qualities automatically. He patented a machine in 1877 that gave a graduated combing. To weave his new silk, he imported from Spain to Bradford, together with its inventor Jose Reixach, a velvet loom that was still giving trouble. It wove two fabrics face to face, but the problem lay in separating the layers so that the pile remained regular in length. Eventually Lister was inspired by watching a scissors grinder in the street to use small emery wheels to sharpen the cutters that divided the layers of fabric. Lister took out several patents for this loom in his own name in 1868 and 1869, while in 1871 he took out one jointly with Reixach. It is said that he spent £29,000 over an eleven-year period on this loom, but this was more than recouped from the sale of reasonably priced high-quality velvets and plushes once success was achieved. Manningham mills were greatly enlarged to accommodate this new manufacture.

In later years Lister had an annual profit from his mills of £250,000, much of which was presented to Bradford city in gifts such as Lister Park, the original home of the Listers. He was connected with the Bradford Chamber of Commerce for many years and held the position of President of the Fair Trade League for some time. In 1887 he became High Sheriff of Yorkshire, and in 1891 he was made 1st Baron Masham. He was also Deputy Lieutenant in North and West Riding.

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SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy, Paper and printing

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The little that is known of Theophilus is what can be inferred from his great work, De diversis artibus. He was a Benedictine monk and priest living in north-west Germany, probably near an important art centre. He was an educated man, conversant with scholastic philosophy and at the same time a skilled, practising craftsman. Even his identity is obscure: Theophilus is a pseudonym, possibly for Roger of Helmarshausen, for the little that is known of both is in agreement.

Evidence in De diversis suggests that it was probably composed during 1110 to 1140. White (see Further Reading) goes on to suggest late 1122 or early 1123, on the grounds that Theophilus only learned of St Bernard of Clairvaulx's diatribe against lavish church ornamentation during the writing of the work, for it is only in the preface to Book 3 that Theophilus seeks to justify his craft. St Bernard's Apologia can be dated late 1122. No other medieval work on art combines the comprehensive range, orderly presentation and attention to detail as does De diversis. It has been described as an encyclopedia of medieval skills and crafts. It also offers the best and often the only description of medieval technology, including the first direct reference to papermaking in the West, the earliest medieval account of bell-founding and the most complete account of organ building. Many metallurgical techniques are described in detail, such as the making of a crucible furnace and bloomery hearth.

The treatise is divided into three books, the first on the materials and art of painting, the second on glassmaking, including stained glass, glass vessels and the blown-cylinder method for flat glass, and the final and longest book on metalwork, including working in iron, copper, gold and silver for church use, such as chalices and censers. The main texts are no mere compilations, but reveal the firsthand knowledge that can only be gained by a skilled craftsman. The prefaces to each book present perhaps the only medieval expression of an artist's ideals and how he sees his art in relation to the general scheme of things. For Theophilus, his art is a gift from God and every skill an act of praise and piety. Theophilus is thus an indispensable source for medieval crafts and technology, but there are indications that the work was also well known at the time of its composition and afterwards.

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[Swahili Word] baadae

[English Word] afterwards

[Part of Speech] adverb

[Derived Word] baada

[Swahili Example] Wareno walifika Mombasa, baadae walielekea Malindi [Masomo 143]

[English Example] The Portuguese arrived in Mombasa and afterwards proceeded to Malindi.

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SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Weapons and armour

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Bode received his bachelor's and master's degrees from Ohio State University in 1924 and 1926, respectively, and his PhD from Columbia University, New York, in 1935. In 1926 he joined the Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he made many theoretical contributions to the understanding of the behaviour of electronic circuits and, in particular, in conjunction with Harry Nyquist, of the conditions under which amplifier circuits become unstable.

During the Second World War he worked on the design of gun control systems and afterwards was a member of a team that worked with Douglas Aircraft to develop the Nike anti-aircraft missile. A member of the Bell Laboratories Mathematical Research Group from 1929, he became its Director in 1952, and then Director of Physical Sciences. Finally he became Vice-President of the Laboratories, with responsibility for systems engineering, and a director of Bellcomm, a Bell company involved in the Moon-landing programme. When he retired from Bell in 1967, he became Professor of Systems Engineering at Harvard University.

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SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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After leaving school before the age of 14 Neilson followed his father in tending colliery-steam engines. He continued in this line while apprenticed to his elder brother and afterwards rose to engine-wright at Irvine colliery. That failed and Neilson obtained work as Foreman at the first gasworks to be set up in Glasgow. After five years he became Manager and Engineer to the works, remaining there for thirty years. He introduced a number of improvements into gas manufacture, such as the use of clay retorts, iron sulphate as a purifier and the swallow-tail burner. He had meanwhile benefited from studying physics and chemistry at the Andersonian University in Glasgow.

Neilson is best known for introducing hot blast into ironmaking. At that time, ironmasters believed that cold blast produced the best results, since furnaces seemed to make more and better iron in the winter than the summer. Neilson found that by leading the air blast through an iron chamber heated by a coal fire beneath it, much less fuel was needed to convert the iron ore to iron. He secured a patent in 1828 and managed to persuade Clyde Ironworks in Glasgow to try out the device. The results were immediately favourable, and the use of hot blast spread rapidly throughout the country and abroad. The equipment was improved, raising the blast temperature to around 300°C (572°F), reducing the amount of coal, which was converted into coke, required to produce a tonne of iron from 10 tonnes to about 3. Neilson entered into a partnership with Charles Macintosh and others to patent and promote the process. Successive, and successful, lawsuits against those who infringed the patent demonstrates the general eagerness to adopt hot blast. Beneficial though it was, the process did not become really satisfactory until the introduction of hot-blast stoves by E.A. Cowper in 1857.

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